Skin Commensals Amplify the Innate Immune Response to Pathogens by Activation of Distinct Signaling Pathways

Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide Invariant NKT Cells Amplify the Innate

Endogenous peptide defense signals in Arabidopsis differentially amplify signaling for the innate immune response.

AtPep1, a 23-aa peptide encoded by Arabidopsis PROPEP1, a member of a small, six-member gene family, activates expression of the defense gene PDF1.2 (encoding defensin) and its own precursor gene, PROPEP1, through the jasmonate/ethylene signaling pathway, mediated by a cell-surface receptor, PEPR1. Overexpression of two family members, PROPEP1 and PROPEP2, enhances resistance of Arabidopsis pla...

Innate Pathways of Immune Activation in Transplantation

Studies of the immune mechanisms of allograft rejection have predominantly focused on the adaptive immune system that includes T cells and B cells. Recent investigations into the innate immune system, which recognizes foreign antigens through more evolutionarily primitive pathways, have demonstrated a critical role of the innate immune system in the regulation of the adaptive immune system. Inn...

Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses.

The human genome comprises 8 % endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the majority of which are defective due to deleterious mutations. Nonetheless, transcripts of ERVs are found in most tissues, and these transcripts could either be reverse transcribed to generate ssDNA or expressed to generate proteins. Thus, the expression of ERVs could produce nucleic acids or proteins with viral signatures, much ...

Signaling in the innate immune response.